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设备管理是linux中比较基础的东西,但是由于Linux智能程度的越来越高,Udev的使用越来越广泛,使得越来越多的Linux新用户对 /dev 目录下的东西变得不再熟悉。有时候遇见问题就会变得抓狂。
Linux 中的设备有2种类型:字符设备(无缓冲且只能顺序存取)、块设备(有缓冲且可以随机存取)。每个字符设备和块设备都必须有主、次设备号,主设备号相同的设 备是同类设备(使用同一个驱动程序)。这些设备中,有些设备是对实际存在的物理硬件的抽象,而有些设备则是内核自身提供的功能(不依赖于特定的物理硬件, 又称为"虚拟设备")。每个设备在 /dev 目录下都有一个对应的文件(节点)。可以通过 cat /proc/devices 命令查看当前已经加载的设备驱动程序的主设备号。内核能够识别的所有设备都记录在原码树下的 Documentation/devices.txt 文件中。在 /dev 目录下除了字符设备和块设备节点之外还通常还会存在:FIFO管道、Socket、软/硬连接、目录。这些东西没有主/次设备号。
Linux内核所能识别的所有设备都记录在
http://www.lanana.org/docs/device-list/
而内核原码树中的 Documentation/devices.txt 可能不是最新版本。
了解这些设备的最基本要求就是对每个设备文件的含义了如指掌,下面列出常见的设备文件以及相应的含义(比较偏僻的就省略了)。
---------------------------------------------------------------------- 主设备号 设备类型 次设备号=文件名 简要说明 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 未命名设备(例如:挂载的非设备) 0 = 为空设备号保留 1 char 内存设备 1 = /dev/mem 直接存取物理内存 2 = /dev/kmem 存取经过内核虚拟之后的内存 3 = /dev/null 空设备。任何写入都将被直接丢弃,任何读取都将得到EOF。 4 = /dev/port 存取 I/O 端口 5 = /dev/zero 零字节源,只能读取到无限多的零字节。 7 = /dev/full 满设备。任何写入都将失败,并把errno设为ENOSPC以表示没有剩余空间。 8 = /dev/random 随机数发生器。完全由用户的输入来产生随机数。 如果用户停止所有动作,则停止产生新的随机数。 9 = /dev/urandom 更快,但是不够安全的随机数发生器。尽可能由用户的输入来产生随机数, 如果用户停止所有动作,则把已经产生的随机数做为种子来产生新的随机数。 10 = /dev/aio 异步 I/O 通知接口 11 = /dev/kmsg 任何对该文件的写入都将作为 printk 的输出 1 block RAM disk 0 = /dev/ram0 第1个 RAM disk (initrd只能使用ram0) 1 = /dev/ram1 第2个 RAM disk ... 200 = /dev/ram200 第200个 RAM disk 4 char TTY(终端)设备 0 = /dev/tty0 当前虚拟控制台 1 = /dev/tty1 第1个虚拟控制台 ... 63 = /dev/tty63 第63个虚拟控制台 4 block 如果根文件系统以是以只读方式挂载的,那么就不可能创建真正的设备节点, 此时就使用该设备作为动态分配的主(major)设备的别名 0 = /dev/root 5 char 其他 TTY 设备 0 = /dev/tty 当前 TTY 设备 1 = /dev/console 系统控制台(一般是/dev/tty0) 2 = /dev/ptmx 所有 PTY master 的复用器 7 char 虚拟控制台捕捉设备(这些设备既允许读也允许写) 0 = /dev/vcs 当前虚拟控制台(vc)的文本内容 1 = /dev/vcs1 tty1 的文本内容 ... 63 = /dev/vcs63 tty63 的文本内容 128 = /dev/vcsa 当前虚拟控制台(vc)的文本/属性内容 129 = /dev/vcsa1 tty1 的文本/属性内容 ... 191 = /dev/vcsa63 tty63 的文本/属性内容 7 block 回环设备(用一个普通的磁盘文件来模拟一个块设备) 对回环设备的绑定由 mount(8) 或 losetup(8) 处理 0 = /dev/loop0 第1个回环设备 1 = /dev/loop1 第2个回环设备 ... 8 block SCSI 磁盘(0-15) 0 = /dev/sda 第1个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 16 = /dev/sdb 第2个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 32 = /dev/sdc 第3个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) ... 240 = /dev/sdp 第16个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 分区表示方法如下(以第3个 SCSI 磁盘为例) 33 = /dev/sdc1 第1个分区 34 = /dev/sdc2 第2个分区 ... 47 = /dev/sdc15 第15个分区 对于Linux/i386来说,分区1-4是主分区,5-15是逻辑分区。 9 block Metadisk(RAID)设备 0 = /dev/md0 第1组 metadisk 1 = /dev/md1 第2组 metadisk ... metadisk 驱动用于将同一个文件系统分割到多个物理磁盘上。 10 char 非串口鼠标,各种杂项设备和特性 1 = /dev/psaux PS/2鼠标 131 = /dev/temperature 机器内部温度 134 = /dev/apm_bios APM(高级电源管理) BIOS 135 = /dev/rtc 实时时钟(Real Time Clock) 144 = /dev/nvram 非易失配置 RAM 162 = /dev/smbus 系统管理总线(System Management Bus) 164 = /dev/ipmo Intel的智能平台管理(Intelligent Platform Management)接口 173 = /dev/ipmikcs 智能平台管理(Intelligent Platform Management)接口 175 = /dev/agpgart AGP图形地址重映射表(Graphics Address Remapping Table) 182 = /dev/perfctr 性能监视计数器 183 = /dev/hwrng 通用硬件随机数发生器 184 = /dev/cpu/microcode CPU微代码更新接口 186 = /dev/atomicps 进程状态数据的原子快照 188 = /dev/smbusbios SMBus(系统管理总线) BIOS 200 = /dev/net/tun TAP/TUN 网络设备(TAP/TUN以软件的方式实现了网络设备) TAP模拟了以太网帧(第二层),TUN模拟了IP包(第三层)。 202 = /dev/emd/ctl 增强型 Metadisk RAID (EMD) 控制器 220 = /dev/mptctl Message passing technology (MPT) control 223 = /dev/input/uinput 用户层输入设备驱动支持 227 = /dev/mcelog X86_64 Machine Check Exception driver 228 = /dev/hpet HPET driver 229 = /dev/fuse Fuse(用户空间的虚拟文件系统) 231 = /dev/snapshot 系统内存快照 232 = /dev/kvm 基于内核的虚构机(基于AMD SVM和Intel VT硬件虚拟技术) 11 block SCSI CD-ROM 设备 0 = /dev/scd0 第1个 SCSI CD-ROM 1 = /dev/scd1 第2个 SCSI CD-ROM ... 13 char 核心输入设备 32 = /dev/input/mouse0 第1个鼠标 33 = /dev/input/mouse1 第2个鼠标 ... 62 = /dev/input/mouse30 第31个鼠标 63 = /dev/input/mice 所有鼠标的统一 64 = /dev/input/event0 第1个事件队列 65 = /dev/input/event1 第2个事件队列 ... 95 = /dev/input/event1 第32个事件队列 21 char 通用 SCSI 设备(通常是SCSI光驱) 0 = /dev/sg0 第1个通用 SCSI 设备 1 = /dev/sg1 第2个通用 SCSI 设备 ... 29 char 通用帧缓冲(frame buffer)设备 0 = /dev/fb0 第1个帧缓冲设备 1 = /dev/fb1 第2个帧缓冲设备 ... 31 = /dev/fb31 第32个帧缓冲设备 30 char iBCS-2 兼容设备 0 = /dev/socksys 套接字访问接口 1 = /dev/spx SVR3 本地 X 接口 32 = /dev/inet/ip 网络访问接口 33 = /dev/inet/icmp 34 = /dev/inet/ggp 35 = /dev/inet/ipip 36 = /dev/inet/tcp 37 = /dev/inet/egp 38 = /dev/inet/pup 39 = /dev/inet/udp 40 = /dev/inet/idp 41 = /dev/inet/rawip 此外,iBCS-2 还需要下面的连接必须存在 /dev/ip -> /dev/inet/ip /dev/icmp -> /dev/inet/icmp /dev/ggp -> /dev/inet/ggp /dev/ipip -> /dev/inet/ipip /dev/tcp -> /dev/inet/tcp /dev/egp -> /dev/inet/egp /dev/pup -> /dev/inet/pup /dev/udp -> /dev/inet/udp /dev/idp -> /dev/inet/idp /dev/rawip -> /dev/inet/rawip /dev/inet/arp -> /dev/inet/udp /dev/inet/rip -> /dev/inet/udp /dev/nfsd -> /dev/socksys /dev/X0R -> /dev/null 36 char Netlink 支持 0 = /dev/route 路由, 设备更新, kernel to user 3 = /dev/fwmonitor Firewall packet 复制 59 char sf 防火墙模块 0 = /dev/firewall 与 sf 内核模块通信 65 block SCSI 磁盘(16-31) 0 = /dev/sdq 第17个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 16 = /dev/sdr 第18个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 32 = /dev/sds 第19个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) ... 240 = /dev/sdaf 第32个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 66 block SCSI 磁盘(32-47) 0 = /dev/sdag 第33个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 16 = /dev/sdah 第34个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 32 = /dev/sdai 第35个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) ... 240 = /dev/sdav 第48个 SCSI 磁盘(整个磁盘) 89 char I2C 总线接口 0 = /dev/i2c-0 第1个 I2C 适配器 1 = /dev/i2c-1 第2个 I2C 适配器 ... 98 block 用户模式下的虚拟块设备(分区处理方式与 SCSI 磁盘相同) 0 = /dev/ubda 第1个用户模式块设备 16 = /dev/udbb 第2个用户模式块设备 ... 103 block 审计(Audit)设备 0 = /dev/audit 审计(Audit)设备 128-135 char Unix98 PTY master 这些设备不应当存在设备节点,而应当通过 /dev/ptmx 接口访问。 136-143 char Unix98 PTY slave 这些设备节点是自动生成的(伴有适当的权限和模式),不能手动创建。 方法是通过使用适当的 mount 选项(通常是:mode=0620,gid=<"tty"组的gid>) 将 devpts 文件系统挂载到 /dev/pts 目录即可。 0 = /dev/pts/0 第1个 Unix98 PTY slave 1 = /dev/pts/1 第2个 Unix98 PTY slave ... 153 block Enhanced Metadisk RAID (EMD) 存储单元(分区处理方式与 SCSI 磁盘相同) 0 = /dev/emd/0 第1个存储单元 1 = /dev/emd/0p1 第1个存储单元的第1个分区 2 = /dev/emd/0p2 第1个存储单元的第2个分区 ... 15 = /dev/emd/0p15 第1个存储单元的第15个分区 16 = /dev/emd/1 第2个存储单元 32 = /dev/emd/2 第3个存储单元 ... 240 = /dev/emd/15 第16个存储单元 180 char USB 字符设备 96 = /dev/usb/hiddev0 第1个USB人机界面设备(鼠标/键盘/游戏杆/手写版等人操作计算机的设备) ... 111 = /dev/usb/hiddev15 第16个USB人机界面设备 180 block USB 块设备(U盘之类) 0 = /dev/uba 第1个USB 块设备 8 = /dev/ubb 第2个USB 块设备 16 = /dev/ubc 第3个USB 块设备 ... 192 char 内核 profiling 接口 0 = /dev/profile Profiling 控制设备 1 = /dev/profile0 CPU 0 的 Profiling 设备 2 = /dev/profile1 CPU 1 的 Profiling 设备 ... 193 char 内核事件跟踪接口 0 = /dev/trace 跟踪控制设备 1 = /dev/trace0 CPU 0 的跟踪设备 2 = /dev/trace1 CPU 1 的跟踪设备 ... 195 char Nvidia 图形设备(比如显卡) 0 = /dev/nvidia0 第1个 Nvidia 卡 1 = /dev/nvidia1 第2个 Nvidia 卡 ... 255 = /dev/nvidiactl Nvidia 卡控制设备 202 char 特定于CPU模式的寄存器(model-specific register,MSR) 0 = /dev/cpu/0/msr CPU 0 的 MSRs 1 = /dev/cpu/1/msr CPU 1 的 MSRs ... 203 char CPU CPUID 信息 0 = /dev/cpu/0/cpuid CPU 0 的 CPUID 1 = /dev/cpu/1/cpuid CPU 1 的 CPUID ...
有没有感到很奇怪?为什么没有 /dev/hda 这样的设备,难道不常用么?原因在于从 2.6.19 版本开始,内核引入了新的ATA驱动,将SATA/PATA硬盘统一使用 /dev/sd? 来表示了,所以 /dev/hd? 就没有存在的必要了。具体说来也就是你在编译内核的时候不要再使用"ATA/ATAPI/MFM/RLL support"下面的驱动,而是使用更新的"Serial ATA and Parallel ATA drivers"驱动。
这部分详细说明一些应该或可能存在于 /dev 目录之外的文件。链接最好使用与这里完全相同的格式(绝对路径或相对路径)。究竟是使用硬链接(hard)还是软连接(symbolic)取决于不同的设备。
必须在所有的系统上都存在这些连接:
链接 目标 链接类型 简要说明 /dev/fd /proc/self/fd symbolic 文件描述府 /dev/stdin fd/0 symbolic 标准输入文件描述府 /dev/stdout fd/1 symbolic 标准输出文件描述符 /dev/stderr fd/2 symbolic 标准错误文件描述符 /dev/nfsd socksys symbolic 仅为 iBCS-2 所必须 /dev/X0R null symbolic 仅为 iBCS-2 所必须 [注意] /dev/X0R 是 <字母 X>-<数字 0>-<字母 R>
推荐在所有的系统上都存在这些连接:
链接 目标 链接类型 简要说明 /dev/core /proc/kcore symbolic 为了向后兼容 /dev/ramdisk ram0 symbolic 为了向后兼容 /dev/ftape qft0 symbolic 为了向后兼容 /dev/bttv0 video0 symbolic 为了向后兼容 /dev/radio radio0 symbolic 为了向后兼容 /dev/i2o* /dev/i2o/* symbolic 为了向后兼容 /dev/scd? sr? hard 代替 SCSI CD-ROM 的名字
下面的链接很可能需要根据机器的实际硬件配置创建其中的一部分甚至全部。这些链接仅仅是为了迎合习惯用法,它们既非必须也非推荐。
链接 目标 链接类型 简要说明 /dev/mouse mouse port symbolic 当前鼠标 /dev/tape tape device symbolic 当前磁带 /dev/cdrom CD-ROM device symbolic 当前CD-ROM /dev/cdwriter CD-writer symbolic 当前CD-writer /dev/scanner scanner symbolic 当前扫描仪 /dev/modem modem port symbolic 当前调制解调器 /dev/root root device symbolic 当前根文件系统所在设备 /dev/swap swap device symbolic 当前swap所在设备
/dev/modem 不应当用于能够同时支持呼入和呼出的modem,因为往往会导致锁文件问题。如果存在 /dev/modem ,那么它应当指向一个恰当的主 TTY 设备。
对于SCSI设备,/dev/tape 和 /dev/cdrom 应该分别指向"cooked"设备 /dev/st* 和 /dev/sr* ;而 /dev/cdwriter 和 /dev/scanner 应当分别指向恰当的 /dev/sg* 。
/dev/mouse 可以指向一个主串行 TTY 设备、一个硬件鼠标、或者一个对应鼠标驱动程序的套接字(例如 /dev/gpmdata)。
持久套接字和命名管道可以存在于 /dev 中。常见的有:
/dev/printer socket lpd 本地套接字 /dev/log socket syslog 本地套接字 /dev/gpmdata socket gpm 鼠标多路复用器(multiplexer) /dev/gpmctl socket (LFS-LiveCD中出现) /dev/initctl fifo pipe init 监听它并从中获取信息(用户与 init 进程交互的通道)
以下名称被保留用于挂载特殊的文件系统。这些特殊的文件系统只提供内核界面而不提供标准的设备节点。
/dev/pts devpts PTY slave 文件系统 /dev/shm tmpfs 提供对 POSIX 共享内存的直接访问
终端(或TTY)设备是一种特殊的字符设备。终端设备是可以在会话中扮演控制终端角色的任何设备,包括:虚拟控制台、串行接口(已废弃)、伪终端(PTY)。
所有的终端设备共享一个通用的功能集合:line discipline,它既包含通用的终端 line discipline 也包含SLIP和PPP模式。所有的终端设备的命名都很相似。这部分内容将解释命名规则和各种类型的TTY(终端)的使用。需要注意的是这些命名习惯包含 了几个历史遗留包袱。其中的一些是Linux所特有的,另一些则是继承自其他系统,还有一些反映了Linux在成长过程中抛弃了原来借用自其它系统的一些 习惯。井号(#)在设备名里表示一个无前导零的十进制数。
虚拟控制台是在系统视频监视器上全屏显示的终端。虚拟控制台被命名为编号从 /dev/tty1 开始的 /dev/tty# 。/dev/tty0 是当前虚拟控制台。/dev/tty0 用于在不能使用帧缓冲设备(/dev/fb*)的机器上存取系统视频卡,注意,不要将 /dev/console 用于此目的。/dev/console 由内核管理,系统消息将被发送到这里。单用户模式下必须允许 login 使用 /dev/console 。
这里所说的"串行接口"是指 RS-232 串行接口和任何模拟这种接口的设备,不管是在硬件(例如调制解调器)还是在软件(例如ISDN驱动)中模拟。在linux中的每一个串行接口都有两个设备 名:主设备或呼入(callin)设备、交替设备或呼出(callout)设备。设备类型之间使用字母的大小写进行区分。比如,对于任意字母 X,"tty"设备名为 /dev/ttyX# ,而"cu"设备名则为 /dev/cux# 。由于历史原因,/dev/ttyS# 和 /dev/ttyC# 分别等价于 /dev/cua# 和 /dev/cub# 。名称 /dev/ttyQ# 和 /dev/cuq# 被保留为本地使用。
伪终端用于创建登陆会话或提供其它功能,比如通过 TTY line discipline (包括SLIP或者PPP功能)来处理任意的数据生成。每一个 PTY 都有一个master端和一个slave端。按照 System V/Unix98 的 PTY 命名方案,所有master端共享同一个 /dev/ptmx 设备节点(打开它内核将自动给出一个未分配的PTY),所有slave端都位于 /dev/pts 目录下,名为 /dev/pts/# (内核会根据需要自动生成和删除它们)。
一旦master端被打开,相应的slave设备就可以按照与 TTY 设备完全相同的方式使用。master设备与slave设备之间通过内核进行连接,等价于拥有 TTY 功能的双向管道(pipe)。
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